The Future of Asia: Forces of Change and Potential Surprises

Accelerated automation and environmental degradation have led to a socio-economic collapse with overwhelming job loss and regional health and food crises. With so many having nothing to lose and vanishing government legitimacy and budgets, self-organizing networks emerge. Rather than suppressing public anger, Asian governments respond with more inclusive and environmentally sustainable development strategies.

Economic: Hard-hit India is embracing the self-regulating network model and emerges as a regional leader, challenging a China that still holds to topdown led development. However, India is not alone as consumers throughout Asia begin to adopt postconsumer values of constrained and collaborative consumption. In contrast, Chinese cities emerge as traditional hubs of global innovation on par with Silicon Valley. Innovations for rapid and inexpensive urban development position cities for greater resiliency and success. A self-sufficient Asia does not need the world as much as it needs Asia.

Social: The free movement of people within and across Asia alleviates differing aging and youth bulge tensions. Younger cohorts in South Asia begin to move northeast to fill the worker shortages left by an aging population. These cohorts also fill social service related positions as Asia undertakes welfare reform, helping drive domestic consumption in the health field. Online freelance work tempers these patterns to a degree. China’s successful soft power tactics have resulted in an increase in foreign students to the country; more workers migrate from the West to the East.

Technology: Shifts from mass production to mass customization in manufacturing and health become possible through bio-manufacturing and 3D printing. This overlaps with a decoupling of production from industry, and challenges regulators and governance. Countries use artificial intelligence and data analytics to experiment with more inclusive policy development.

Energy and Environment: Multi-stakeholder environmental responses take shape involving an invigorated eco-movement. Digitally connected citizens use sensors and real-time displays to address water supply and other challenges. Water recycling and desalination technologies further reduce water stress. Vertical farming diversifies and stabilizes food supply. Asian leadership in alternative energies becomes a competitive advantage in the emerging energy tech race. Asian governments emulate China’s policies to prevent Western countries from dumping trash in Asia. Lessons from iron reuse have spawned an industrial ecology across sectors.

Security: Asian governments are making strategic investments in security infrastructure in response to non-traditional security threats such as cyber-security, cross-border crime and human trafficking. More effort is put into resolving or sharing resources in the South China Sea. The emergence of blue water navies leads to greater cooperation between China, India and Japan to avoid miscalculation. The continued military presence of the U.S. adds to regional stability. This results in broader regional cooperation and the first joint military deployment for peacekeeping purposes. Multilateral institutions are the primary mechanisms to manage and resolve disputes when they flare.

Governance: Virtually connected citizen demands for accountable and responsive government lead to enhanced transparency and reduced corruption. The establishment of property rights in China and India reduces social tensions and boosts economic progress. Regional governance agreements are negotiated among all partners on an equal footing and reshape established systems and institutions. Mega-cities begin to form a network of city-states with increased presence and influence on the global stage.

Potential Scenario Challenge Questions:

• What impacts might post-consumerist values have on Asian and global economies?
• What challenges will an influx of migrant workers create for Asian countries?
• To what extent will Asian governments work with private and non-government actors on cyber-security issues?
• How will export-oriented Asian economies be affected by 3D printing?

Common Policy Implications

In light of the scenarios and potential surprises that may emerge, the following are policy implications that are shared by both Australia and Canada. The implications reflect both challenges and opportunities. Many are evident across scenarios, some take different forms in different scenarios and some arise in only one or two scenarios. Ultimately, they are a manifestation of the interaction of the factors driving change in Asia identified above. The implications are briefly explored as themes and finish in questions to help support policy dialogue.

Cultivating New and Existing Relationships

As we continue to develop relationships in Asia, we will have to learn how best to balance them with our existing ones, especially the U.S. and Europe. This will be challenging as Western trade and investments in Asia crystalize. Consequently, there may be an increasing likelihood of Western interventions to support Asian countries facing economic or political crises. Our challenges may be further amplified as the world of diplomacy becomes increasingly diffused. As companies, academics, non-government organizations and even individuals, to varying degrees, increasingly become our chief representatives, our diplomatic and geo-strategic capacities will have to keep pace.

• How will our complicated set of strategic relationships be challenged by a more dynamic and diffused diplomatic environment?
• How do we maintain these relationships in the face of divergent values and emerging rules and institutional arrangements?
• What does a U.S. military “pivot” to Asia look like in a world where its economic interests are increasingly aligning with those of China?

A Middle Power amongst Rising Middle-Powers in Asia

As great powers emerge, an obvious possibility is for middle powers to align in blocs or coalitions. There would be many economic benefits and strategic advantages of doing so. There may be opportunities to collaborate in building regional institutions (i.e., security-based, financial, etc.) and facilitate issue based rule-making. However, many middle powers, both internal and external to the region, will be competing with each other, especially for the major markets in Asia. Both Australia and Canada will need to ensure that they are positioned to influence global and regional agendas, while striking the right balance between middle power cooperation and competition.

• Do we have the necessary level of Asian literacy in order to become an effective player in Asia?
• How will we develop the strategic and institutional intelligence to best position ourselves in the region?
• How will we work with other emerging Asian middle powers, such as Indonesia and South Korea?

Ensuring Value-Added in a Rising Asia

Asian economies are growing their internal markets and moving higher up the value chain, which will become the focus of increased competition. There are no shortage of countries lining up to take advantage of economic opportunities in the region. Our existing strengths in natural resources will continue to hold for the medium term. There is significant competition in this sector, including new and potentially cheaper sources of natural resources in Africa and Central Asia, and with time, disruptive technologies may emerge. Further up the value chain, both Australia and Canada and have an opportunity to serve growing markets undergoing large-scale urbanization through engineering, health care, education and financial services to meet Asia’s many development needs. Given its central role in the global economy, there will be a need to avoid a situation where Asia does not need us.

• How will we continue to add value for Asia as it further moves up the value chain?
• What is the most effective way to brand our countries in the global competition for Asian markets?

Potential Clash of Development Models

It is currently difficult to see a future where state-led development approaches do not continue to play a significant role in international trade and relations. Indeed, it is plausible that Asian nations will widely adopt state-based models and instruments such as State-Owned Enterprises, Sovereign Wealth Funds. The potential for greater protectionism and state-led distortions to competition are real and might be a particular challenge to market economies. There might also be more high-profile or strategic land or resource purchases and company takeovers by State-Owned Enterprises.

• How might our predominantly market-based economy model adapt to increasingly state-led economies in the region?
• Will we be able to manage differences in institutional arrangements?
• How might the perceptions of Australians and Canadians evolve in scenarios where foreign state-owned enterprises are highly influential?

Domestic Transformation for Niche Exports

Technological change, societal concerns and globalization are the structural drivers for industry and business adjustment. Industries will require flexible regulatory arrangements and support for market access while also maintaining labour standards. Government innovation policies will become increasingly important tools for creating comparative advantage in a highly competitive regional market. For example, the aggregation of farming units could lead to the rise of farming support services or promote diversification of certain industries into emerging areas with skills complementarities. The importance of cooperative research and the commercialization of such inventions as wireless or fuel cell technology will need to not only increase several fold but be scalable in record time.

• How do we support our small- and medium-sized enterprises to find niches in a competitive global environment prone to rapid shifts?
• How might educational institutions adjust to supplying the workforce of the future?
• How well connected are centres of research and industry?

Trade Routes and Security

China will increasingly be able to dictate rules relating to shipping in East Asia. Currently, the rules concerning liability and cargo security analysis are constructed from a western perspective and known as the “Rotterdam rules”. China will play a leading role in navigation safety, marine research and offshore search and rescue in South East Asia. China will project naval power further afield as its free-rider status on U.S. security of shipping lanes begins to wane and the rise of Indian naval influence needs to be offset. In 2004, India’s first official naval doctrine boasted that “control of the choke points could be used as a bargaining chip in the international power game.” Recent and planned purchases of submarines across Asia reflect, in part, a growing concern over differing levels of bargaining power at the negotiating table. China’s proposal for an East Asia maritime cooperation platform reflects a concession to a previous position to not negotiate with ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) as a bloc but instead, to enhance maritime cooperation through bilateral negotiations.

• How do we maintain a neutral maritime stance as the rules are informally rewritten?
• How might Australia and Canada protect their shipping without the U.S. security umbrella?
• Will Chinese bilateral negotiations reinforce the law of the sea?

Top 50 World Container Ports (link is external)

Asia the Innovator just Around the Corner

The old view of developing Asian countries as absorbers of innovations is rapidly fading, with these countries increasing their number of patent applications, research publications, doctorate degrees and expenditure on research and development. A number of Chinese and Indian companies are now anchored in Forbes’ Top 50 List of the “World’s Most Innovative Companies”. There are signs of changing school curriculums that support more thoughtful and creative students. Developing Asia is also exhibiting leadership in technologies from robotics to renewable energy. As Asia continues to re-emerge, it is increasingly focused on technological progress and prowess. They are increasingly discerning in their strategic knowledge-building partnerships with countries, companies and universities.

• Are we ready for an increasingly innovative Asia?
• Going forward, will we continue to be positioned as a knowledge partner of interest?
• Are we optimally positioned for an Asia increasingly focused on technology adoption?
• In the context of a globalized economy and given the history of intellectual property infringements, can we find the right balance between cooperation and competition?

Leveraging the Dividends of Global Migration

Asians, particularly from China and India, make up the lion’s share of immigration to Australia and Canada. The attraction and retention of talent from Asia will be necessary to build our human capital and counter our aging population and projected labour shortages. We are currently experiencing different migration patterns: brain drain, brain gain, return and circular migration. In the future, there will be a different balance of these patterns across scenarios. There also remains an opportunity to create a “brain chain” by leveraging migration flows to create economic linkages and business opportunities with Asian countries.

• How can we harness our demographic advantage, such as immigrants at home, return and circular migrants, and members of the diaspora to build economic relationships in Asia?
• What is the role of cities in affecting migration patterns? How could our cities be designed to best attract and retain immigrants?

Our Potentially Job-Scarce World

While in most scenarios there is a need to address labour shortages, a common global challenge that might envelop much of Asia, Australia and Canada is a significant downward pressure on jobs. Income and job loss due to out-sourcing, technology and automation could continue to worsen. Similarly, environmental degradation could affect more and more jobs and income through the damage to natural and physical capital such as fisheries, forests, agriculture and infrastructure. This is an acute challenge for countries with large populations. India is expected to need about 10-15 million new jobs every year for the next couple of decades, in order to accommodate new entrants into the workforce.

• Will the enormous job pressures on Asia result in innovative solutions to the global struggle for employment in the face of increasing automation and computerization?
• Are we ready for a world with high levels of technology-driven unemployment?

Education and Culture

Australia and Canada are currently significant higher education destinations for Asian students. We are seeing increased investments in Asian universities. Under a scenario of an economically rising Asia, there would also be an associated rise in the prestige of Asian universities and for students to remain within Asia. The rise in the size of the middle class may mean students are still willing to travel for tertiary education, but it will be a challenge for universities outside Asia to attract students, particularly if they do not have campuses in the region. The online delivery of courses will be another challenge for our universities – MOOCs (massive online open courses) and SPOCs (small private online courses) are increasingly popular. In addition to addressing the challenges posed to our educational exports, there will also be a need to invest in science and technology education, and to support innovation in our universities, research institutes and the private sector.

• How important are Australian and Canadian university campuses in Asia to attracting and retaining students who would otherwise study elsewhere?
• To what extent will university fees decline if the majority of their courses are delivered online? What is the associated impact on research?
• What would be the effect to the Australian and Canadian economies and societies if international students did not need to live in our countries when they were enrolled at our universities?

Conclusion/Credible Assumptions

The impact of Asia’s re-emergence will be felt in Asia and globally. It is in Australia’s and Canada’s best interest to understand the social, economic, and political complexities of the region so that we can better prepare for the opportunities and challenges an Asian Century might bring. This study began with a set of commonly held assumptions about Asia’s future. When examined across the scenarios, some of these assumptions still hold true, while others are being challenged.

Assumptions which Remain Credible:

• Environmental issues will worsen.
• Asia will continue to urbanize.
• Demographic trends will impact Asian countries differently but will not seriously impede growth.
• Technological advances will continue to have disruptive effects in Asia’s economic development.

Assumptions with New Caveats:

• Asia will be home to the majority of the world’s middle class. However, the Asian middle class may not consume at the same level or in the same way as the Western middle class.
• Asia will be the driver of growth in the global economy. However, while less probable, the possibility of an economic recession in Asia is real.
• Rapid economic growth and urbanization will increase social pressures. However, measures to promote inclusive growth could alleviate some of the pressures.
• Major Asian economies will continue to be resource hungry. However, competing technologies will continue to emerge over the next 15 years and in some scenarios begin to have notable impacts on the types and levels of resource demand by the end of the time period.

Assumptions Now Challenged:

• Commonly held assumption: Asia will work within existing multilateral structures to increase its influence.
• More credible assumption: With its growing economic and political prominence, major Asian countries will exert greater influence in setting the international agenda.
• Commonly-held assumption: Regional economic interdependency will continue and will reduce or prevent conflict.
• More credible assumption: Differences over resources, border disputes and remilitarization could potentially destabilize the region.
• Commonly-held assumption: China is rising and the U.S. is declining.
• More credible assumption: While China is gaining economic and political influence, the U.S. will likely remain influential from a military and cultural, as well as economic standpoint.

How this Report was Developed

This report is a joint effort between Policy Horizons Canada (Horizons), a scanning and foresight organization within the Government of Canada and the Strategy and Delivery Division (SDD), Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet, Australia. It was developed to support discussion at the 2014 public policy retreat of the Canada-Australia Public Policy Initiative (CAPPI), that convenes Australian and Canadian departmental secretaries/deputy ministers biennially for wide-ranging public policy discussions.

As stated earlier, the main purpose of this report is to identify potential surprises and discontinuities that could emerge in Asia and create significant challenges and/or opportunities for Australian and Canadian interests over the next 15 years. Another objective of this project included a focus upon capacity building and knowledge transference of Horizons’ foresight methodology to the SDD team, and for the Horizons team to draw on the Australian experience in considering the opportunities and challenges of the Asian century.

This study was conducted over several months across three continents, involving interviews, workshops as well as scanning; an intensive process of analysis and interpretation of developments in Asia. Thanks to online conference and collaboration tools, the two groups were able to overcome geographic distance and time differences to work seamlessly from Ottawa and Canberra as one team.

To simplify coordination among team members, scanning and writing was done online. Analysts from both groups posted research results on Horizons’ collaboration platform, Clearspace, which allowed collaborators to comment and edit one another’s work. The team communicated weekly by phone to share updates on the project and discuss or clarify issues relating to content and Horizons’ foresight methods.

The joint project team, on both sides of the Pacific, participated in scanning and posting insights on the Web 2.0 collaboration platform. Horizons also gathered insights from the Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada, Oxford Analytica and Shaping Tomorrow. SDD, as part of its efforts to build linkages with academia, invited Carnegie Mellon University-Australia (CMU-A) to participate in research and insight generation. The CMU-A project team consisted of 12 students from across Asia. Canadian diplomatic missions also led discussions and interviews with experts from think-tanks and universities in major cities in the Asia-Pacific region (see “Annex” for participating missions).

Face-to-face discussions with experts took place in parallel in Australia and Canada. Horizons established an interdepartmental working group, consisting of 19 public servants from 12 federal departments, with diverse experience in working on Asian issues. Through four sessions, they offered insights on changes in Asia, developed scenarios, and explored potential implications for Canada.

SDD followed a similar process in engaging experts based in Australia. SDD conducted three workshops with participants from across government and academia. These workshops focused on testing assumptions, developing insights and testing the plausibility of the scenarios.

Through these engagements and scanning, the joint team identified developments in Asia and the surprises that these developments may bring to the region.

Annex

The following Canadian diplomatic missions led discussions and interviews with experts from think tanks and universities within Asia on Horizons’ behalf:

• The Embassy of Canada to China (Beijing)
  • The Consulate of Canada, Chongqing
  • The Consulate General of Canada, Guangzhou
  • The Consulate General of Canada, Shanghai
• The High Commission of Canada to India (New Delhi)
  • The Consulate General of Canada, Mumbai
• The Embassy of Canada to Indonesia (Jakarta)
• The Embassy of Canada to Japan (Tokyo)
• The High Commission of Canada to New Zealand (Wellington)
• The High Commission of Canada to Malaysia (Kuala Lumpur)
• The Embassy of Canada to the Philippines (Manila)
• The High Commission of Canada to Singapore
• The Embassy of Canada to the Republic of Korea (Seoul)
• The High Commission of Canada to Sri Lanka (Colombo)
• The Canadian Trade Office in Taiwan (Taipei)
• The Embassy of Canada to Thailand (Bangkok)
• The Embassy of Canada to Vietnam (Hanoi)

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Wolf, Charles; Dalal, Siddartha; DaVanzo, Julie; Larson, Eric V.; Akhmedjonov, Alisher; Dogo, Harun; Huang, Meilinda; Montoya, Silvia. China and India, 2025: A Comparative Assessment. Santa Monica, California: RAND Corporation, 2011. http://www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/MG1009.html(link is external)

World Business Council for Sustainable Development. Water Facts and Trends. Geneva: United Nations, 2013  http://www.unwater.org/downloads/Water_facts_and_trends.pdf(link is external)

World Economic Forum. Annual Meeting of the New Champions 2012: Creating the Future Economy. Tianjin, People’s Republic of China, 11 – 13 September 2012.  http://www3.weforum.org/docs/AMNC12/WEF_AMNC12_Report.pdf(link is external)

World Economic Forum. World Economic Forum on East Asia: Shaping the Region’s Future Through Connectivity. Bangkok, Thailand: 30 May – 1 June 2012. http://www3.weforum.org/docs/EA12/WEF_EA12_Report.pdf(link is external)

References: What is Changing in Asia?

Economics Systems

Hybrid models of state and market-led innovation

Asian Development Bank; Asian Development Bank Institute. Infrastructure for a Seamless Asia.Tokyo: Asian Development Bank, 2009. http://www.adbi.org/files/2009.08.31.book.infrastructure.seamless.asia.pdf(link is external)

Bound, Kirsten and Ian Thornton. Our Frugal Future: Lessons from India’s Innovation System. London: NESTA, July 2012. http://www.nesta.org.uk/sites/default/files/our_frugal_future.pdf(link is external)

Chen, Bo. “Pilot Free Trade Zone in Shanghai to Build Open Economy.” Eastasiaforum. October 19, 2013. http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2013/10/19/pilot-free-trade-zone-in-shanghai-to-build-open-economy/(link is external)

Das, Sanchita Basu; James, Catherine Rose. Addressing Infrastructure Financing in Asia. Perspective, #27. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, May 6, 2013. http://www.iseas.edu.sg/ISEAS/upload/files/ISEAS-Perspective-2013-27-Addressing-Infrastructure-Financing-in-Asia.pdf(link is external)

Dominguez, Gabriel. “Shanghai’s New Free Trade Zone Opens.” DW. October 1, 2013. http://www.dw.de/shanghais-new-free-trade-zone-opens/a-17124228(link is external)

HT Correspondent. “Centre-India Inc. to roll out 2,500 Model Schools.” Hindustan Times. July 20, 2013. http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/newdelhi/centre-india-inc-to-roll-out-2-500-model-schools/article1-1095759.aspx(link is external)

Jamzuri, Maesaroh. “Indonsia Becomes Home to APEC’s Public Private Partnership Pilot Project.” Indonesia-Investments. September 21, 2013. http://www.indonesia-investments.com/news/todays-headlines/indonesia-becomes-home-to-apecs-public-private-partnership-pilot-project/item1126(link is external)

Kurlantzick, Joshua. “The Rise of Innovative State Capitalism.” Bloomberg Businessweek. June 29, 2012. http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2012-06-28/the-rise-of-innovative-state-capitalism(link is external)

Lehe, Olivier. “Frugal Innovation, an Indian Approach of Capitalism.” World of Innovations. April 13, 2013. http://worldofinnovations.net/2013/04/13/frugal-innovation-an-india-approach-of-social-capitalism/(link is external)

Lo, Jennifer. “Mapping Out Road Ahead for SMEs.” China Daily. July 26, 2013. http://www.chinadailyasia.com/focus/2013-07/26/content_15080220.html(link is external)

Radjou, Navi; Prabhu, Jaideep. “Frugal Innovation: A New Business Paradigm.” Knowledge. January 10, 2013. http://knowledge.insead.edu/innovation/frugal-innovation-a-new-business-paradigm-2375?nopaging=1#dttTgU1 QWl1mD4hu.99(link is external)

Reuters. China releases more details on Shanghai free trade zone reforms. December 2, 2013. http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/12/02/us-china-ftz-idUSBRE9B109120131202(link is external)

Rethinking models of growth and consumption in Asia

Botsman, Rachel. “The Case for Collaborative Consumption.” (TED Talk delivered in May 2010.) http://www.ted.com/talks/rachel_botsman_the_case_for_collaborative_consumption.html(link is external)

Bound, Kirsten and Ian Thornton. Our Frugal Future: Lessons from India’s Innovation System. London: NESTA, July 2012. http://www.nesta.org.uk/sites/default/files/our_frugal_future.pdf(link is external)

Bunting, Madeleine. “Arguments for Constrained Capitalism in Asia.” The Guardian. Poverty Matters Blog, 21. April 2011. http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/poverty-matters/2011/apr/21/arguments-constrained-capitalism-asia-chandran-nair(link is external)

Goulden, Helen. Big business Accelerates Collaborative Consumption Growth. London: Nesta, nd. http://www.nesta.org.uk/news/13-predictions-2013/collaborative-consumption-growth(link is external)

Green Villages. “14 of the Best Collaborative Consumption Sites.” Green Villages. Nd. http://www.greenvillages.com.au/our-top-collaborative-consumption-sites/(link is external)

Nesta. GE’s Healthcare’s Engineers Were Set A Formidable Challenge: Take a 15 lb. Electrocardiograph (ECG) That Costs $5.4 million. Squeeze the Same Technology Into a Portable Device That Can Be Held With One Hand. London: Nesta, nd. http://www.nesta.org.uk/node/855(link is external)

Ryder, Brett. “Asian innovation: Frugal Ideas Are Spreading From East to West.” Economist. March 24, 2013. http://www.economist.com/node/21551028(link is external)

Walsh, Bryan. “Today’s Smart Choice: Don’t Own, Share.” Time. March 17, 2011. http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2059521_2059717_2059710,00.html(link is external)

Rapid growth of South-South trade may reshape global and regional trading blocs

Beyers, Michael. “How the Arctic Ocean Could Transform World Trade.” Al Jazeera. August 27, 2013. http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2013/08/201382273357893832.html(link is external)

Bloomberg Personal Finance. China Eclipses U.S. as Biggest Trading Nation. New York, NY: Bloomberg Personal Finance, February 10, 2013. http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-02-09/china-passes-u-s-to-become-the-world-s-biggest-trading-nation.html(link is external)

European Council on Foreign Relations. China and Germany: a New Special Relationship? Berlin: European Council on Foreign Relations, nd. http://ecfr.eu/content/entry/China_and_Germany_a_new_special_relationship(link is external)

Kawai, Masahiro and Ganeshan Wignaraja. Asian FTAs: Trends, Prospects, and Challenges. (ADB Economics Working Paper Series, No. 226.) Manila, Philippines: Asian Development Bank, 2010. http://www.un.org/esa/ffd/msc/regionalcooperation/ADB_WPs.pdf(link is external)

Kundadni, Hans and Jonas Parello-Plesner. China and Germany: Why the Emerging Special Relationship Matters for Europe. (Policy Brief.) Berlin: European Council on Foreign Relations, May 2012. http://ecfr.eu/page/-/ECFR55_CHINA_GERMANY_BRIEF_AW.pdf(link is external)

Levinger, Hannah. Talking Point: China in Africa – New challenges beyond the commodities supercycle. Frankfurt: Deutsche Bank, November 1, 2013. http://www.dbresearch.com/servlet/reweb2.ReWEB;jsessionid=1CE9521ABC827238D5F6566926D48CAA.srv-net-dbr-com?rwsite=DBR_INTERNET_EN-PROD&rwobj=ReDisplay.Start.class&document=PROD0000000000322766(link is external)

Rapoza, Kenneth. Dollar Wary Brazil and China Sign Currency Pact. New York, NY: Forbes, June 23, 2013. http://www.forbes.com/sites/kenrapoza/2012/06/23/dollar-wary-brazil-and-china-sign-currency-pact/(link is external)

Roberts, Dexter, Henry Meyer, and Dorothee Tschampa. The Silk Railroad of China-Europe Trade. New York, NY: Bloomberg Businessweek, December 20, 2012. http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2012-12-20/the-silk-railroad-of-china-europe-trade(link is external)

U.S. Department of Commerce; U.S. Census Bureau. Top Trading Partners – September 2013. Washington, DC: Census Bureau, [2013]. http://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/statistics/highlights/top/top1309yr.html(link is external)

Ven-Dee Huang, Wendy. “What does World Development Indicators tell us about South-South trade?” Open Data. July 19, 2013. http://blogs.worldbank.org/opendata/what-does-world-development-indicators-tell-us-about-south-south-trade(link is external)

Yao, Kevin and Andreas Rinke. “China Sees Trade With Germany Near Doubling By 2015.” Reuters. April 23, 2013. http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/04/23/us-germany-china-idUSBRE83L08D20120423(link is external)

Infrastructure and technology advances: key to regional integration

Asian Development Bank. Strategy 2020: Working for an Asia and Pacific free of poverty. Tokyo: Asian Development Bank, April 2008. http://www.adb.org/documents/strategy-2020-working-asia-and-pacific-free-poverty(link is external)

Richardson, Michael. Dams in China turn the Mekong Into a River of Discord. New Haven, CT: YaleGlobal, July 16, 2009. http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/contact-us(link is external)

Tahilyani, Naveen, Toshan Tamhane, and Jessican Tan. Asia’s $1 trillion infrastructure opportunity. Boston: McKinsey & Co., March 2011. http://www.mckinsey.com/insights/financial_services/asias_1_trillion_infrastructure_opportunity(link is external)

The Economist. “Dammed If They Do.” New York, NY: The Economist, September 29, 2012. http://www.economist.com/node/9413676(link is external)

The World Bank. Private Participation in Infrastructure Database: Regional Snapshots. Washington, DC: The World Bank, nd. http://ppi.worldbank.org/explore/ppi_exploreRegion.aspx?regionID=2(link is external)

Innovative Asian cities could leap ahead

Burton, Richard. 800 Meters in 6 Months. (You Tube video.) May 12, 2013. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3fx5AVyHuds(link is external)

Jones, Terril Yue. “China ‘instant buildings’ seeking to be pioneer in shoddy construction sector.” Financial Post. May 14, 2012. http://business.financialpost.com/2012/05/14/china-instant-buildings-seeking-to-be-pioneer-in-shoddy-construction-sector/?__lsa=59d5-95e4(link is external)

Kaye, Leon. “Social Enterprise in Indian Slums.” The Guardian. August 5, 2013. http://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/social-enterprise-india-slums(link is external)

Lee, Yong Woo. Ubiquitous [Smart] City. (EU Parliament Seminar.) Brussels: European Union, May 13, 2013. http://www.europarl.europa.eu/document/activities/cont/201305/20130514ATT66084/20130514ATT66084EN.pdf(link is external)

Li, Liu Gong. Inside a Chinese Arrival City. (Video.) Foreign Policy, nd. http://arrivalcity.net/video/(link is external)

Chimerica- the beginnings of a new regional reserve

Bloomberg Personal Finance. No Confidence in China Markets Inflates Housing Bubble. New York, NY: Bloomberg Personal Finance, September 16, 2013. http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-09-15/no-confidence-in-china-markets-inflates-housing-bubble.html(link is external)

Chen, Chuling, Reza Y. Siregar, Matthew S. Yiu. RMB As An Anchor Currency in ASEAN, China, Japan and Korea Region. Singapore: ASEAN+3 Macroeconomic Research Office, April 2013. https://www.cb.cityu.edu.hk/ef/doc/Conference%20on%20Renminbi%20and%20the%20Global%20Economy/papers/Chuling%20Chen.pdf(link is external)

Chong, Florence. “Is RMB Approaching Safe Haven Status?” Asia Today International. June 26, 2013. http://asiatoday.com.au/content/rmb-approaching-safe-haven-status(link is external)

Landler, Mark. “Seeing It’s Own Money at Risk, China Rails at U.S.” The New York Times. October 15, 2013. http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/16/us/politics/china-rails-over-us-fiscal-crisis-seeing-its-own-money-at-risk. html?_r=0(link is external)

Puzzanghera, Jim. “Upset over U.S. Fiscal Crisis, China Urges a ‘de-Americanized World’.” Los Angeles Times.October 14, 2013. http://www.latimes.com/business/money/la-fi-mo-china-debt-limit-shutdown-de-americanizedeconomy- 20131014,0,1990632.story#ixzz2mwhEb6II(link is external)

Snyder, Michael T. “Shift From U.S. Dollar As World Reserve Currency Underway – What Will This Mean For America?.” munKnee. http://www.munknee.com/shift-from-u-s-dollar-as-world-reserve-currency-underway-what-will-this-mean-foramerica/(link is external)

Social Systems

Implications of demographic shifts on migration, employment and health

ARC Centre of Excellence in Population Ageing Research (CEPAR) 2013. Asia in the ageing century: Part 1 — Population trends. CEPAR research brief 2013/01. The University of New South Wales, Sydney.

“China faces growing gender imbalance.” BBC News. January 11, 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8451289.stm(link is external)

Drysdale, Peter. “Asia’s demographic transition over the next 30 years.” Eastasiaforum. March 18, 2013. http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2013/03/18/asias-demographic-transition-over-the-next-30-years/(link is external)

Golley, J. and Tyers, R. “China’s Gender Imbalance and its Economic Performance.” The China Story. August 2012. http://www.thechinastory.org/chinas-gender-imbalance-and-its-economic-performance/(link is external)

Kaufman, J. 2011. HIV, Sex Work, and Civil Society in China. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, Volume 204, Issue Supplement 5, pp.S1218-S1222. Oxford University Press. 2011. http://jid.oxfordjournals.org/content/204/suppl_5/S1218.full(link is external)

Kleinman, A. and Chen, H. “Looking after the Elderly — Asia’s Next Big Challenge.” Fung Global Institute. April 24, 2012. http://www.fairobserver.com/article/looking-after-elderly-asia%e2%80%99s-next-big-challenge(link is external)

National Bureau of Asian Research. India’s Demographic Outlook: Implications and Trends. December 29, 2013. http://www.nbr.org/research/activity.aspx?id=195(link is external)

Schure, Teri. “China’s Gender Imbalance.” Worldpress.org. January 6, 2011. http://www.worldpress.org/Asia/3676.cfm(link is external)

Liu, Lilly and Leonard, William. “Influence of China’s One Child Policy on Sexual Economy: Wife Trafficking in Urban vs Rural China.” North Western University, Global Health.

Kelland, Kate. “New bird flu poses ‘serious threat’ scientists say.” Reuters. May 1, 2013. http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/05/01/us-birdflu-threat-idUSBRE94011D20130501(link is external)

Rufo, Aries. “Six Million Filipino children left behind by OFW parents.” ABS-CBN news.com. September 25,2008. http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/pinoy-migration/09/25/08/six-million-filipino-children-left-behind-ofw-parents(link is external)

China Labour Bulletin 2013. “Migrant Workers and their Children.” June 27, 2013. http://www.clb.org.hk/en/content/migrant-workers-and-their-children(link is external)

Rising inequality threatens to derail projected Asian growth

Asian Development Bank. Deepening Divide: Can Asia Beat the Menace of Rising Inequality? April 2013. http://www.adb.org/publications/deepening-divide-can-asia-beat-menace-rising-inequality(link is external)

Berg, Andrew and Ostry, Jonathan. International Monetary Fund. Equality and Efficiency. September 2011, Vol. 48, No. 3. http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2011/09/Berg.htm(link is external)

KPMG. China’s 12th Five-Year Plan: Overview. Beijing, China: KPMG. March 2011 http://www.kpmg.com/CN/en/IssuesAndInsights/ArticlesPublications/Publicationseries/5-years-plan/Documents/China-12th-Five-Year-Plan-Overview-201104.pdf(link is external)

Government of India – Planning Commission. Twelfth Five Year Plan 2012-17. New Delhi, India: SAGE Publications India. 2013. http://planningcommission.gov.in/plans/planrel/12thplan/welcome.html(link is external)

Indonesia Investments. National Medium-Term Development Plan. http://www.indonesia-investments.com/projects/government-development-plans/ national-medium-term-development-plan-rpjmn-2010-2014/item307(link is external)

A rising middle class brings rising demands

Asian Development Bank. Urbanization in Asia: 12 things to know. Mandaluyong City. The Philippines: Asian Development Bank, March 29, 2012. http://www.adb.org/features/12-things-know-2012-urbanization-asia(link is external)

Devichand, Mukul. “India’s middle class pays the price for growth.” BBC News. July 10, 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-13959235(link is external)

Fukuyama, Francis. “The Middle-Class Revolution.” The Wall Street Journal. June 28, 2013. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887323873904578571472700348086.html(link is external)

Gowen, Annie. “City of Kolkata bans bikes to reduce traffic, but India’s environmentalists, workers protest.” Washington Post. October 15, 2013. http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/city-of-kolkata-bans-bikes-to-reduce-traffic-but-indiasenvironmentalists- workers-protest/2013/10/15/f07ac840-3189-11e3-ad00-ec4c6b31cbed_story.html(link is external)

Osnos, Evan. “Will the Middle Class Shake China?” New Yorker. March 8, 2013. http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/comment/2013/03/will-the-middle-class-shake-china.html(link is external)

Rohde, David. The Swelling Middle. New York, NY: Reuters, 2012? http://www.reuters.com/middle-class-infographic(link is external)

Simpfendorfer, Ben. Asia’s Rising Middle Class—Not Always What it Seems. Hong Kong: Fung Global Institute, April 12, 2012. http://www.fungglobalinstitute.org/en/asia%E2%80%99s-rising-middle-class-%E2%80%93-not-always-what-it-seems(link is external)

World Economic Forum. “Inside the Data.” (Data table.) Outlook on the Global Agenda 2014. Geneva: World Economic Forum, 2013. http://reports.weforum.org/outlook-14/resources/wp-content/blogs.dir/30/mp/image-cache/site/2/8-spread-y-b.04357e72123c3ee3e5a91a96cd83b64e.png(link is external)

World Economic Forum. Top 10 Trends of 2014, Chapter 8 “The Expanding Middle Class in Asia.” Geneva: World Economic Forum, 2013. http://reports.weforum.org/outlook-14/top-ten-trends-category-page/8-the-expanding-middle-class-in-asia/(link is external)

Benefits associated with Asia’s increased use of soft power

Arshad, Imran. “The New Cultural Revolution: Chinese Soft Power at Home and Abroad.” Policy Horizons Canada. March 2012 /eng/content/new-cultural-revolution-chinese-soft-power-home-and-abroad

Desideri, Nick. 2013. Bubble Pop: An Analysis of Asian Pop Culture and Soft Power Potential. Res Public — Journal of Undergraduate Research, Vol.18, Iss.1, Article 9. http://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1207&context=respublica(link is external)

McGray, Douglas. “Japan’s Gross National Cool.” Foreign Policy. July 1, 2010 http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2002/05/01/japans_gross_national_cool(link is external)

Nye, Joseph. 2004. Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics. Public Affairs, New York.

Technology

Bio-manufacturing’s potential to reshape production

Denise Caruso, “Synthetic Biology. An Overview and Recommendations for Anticipating and Addressing Emerging Risks.” Science Progress. November 12th, 2008 http://scienceprogress.org/2008/11/synthetic-biology/(link is external)

International Genetically Engineered Machine (iGEM) Foundation. “Teams Registered for iGEM 2013.” iGEM website. http://igem.org/Team_List?year=2013(link is external)

Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. “Inventory of Synthetic Biology Products – Existing and Possible.” July 27, 2012. http://www.cbd.int/doc/emerging-issues/emergingissues-2013-07-WilsonCenter-SynbioApplicationsInventory-en.pdf(link is external)

Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. “Tracking the Growth of Synthetic Biology: Findings for 2013.” July 2013. http://www.cbd.int/doc/emerging-issues/emergingissues-2013-07-WilsonCenter-Synbio_Maps_Findings-en.pdf(link is external)

Robotics in the lands of cheap labour

Asian Century Institute. Asia’s Low Quality Jobs. November 16, 2012. http://www.asiancenturyinstitute.com/society/126-asia-s-low-quality-jobs(link is external)

Doherty, Paul and Judy Schreiner. “The Asia-Pacific Market: What’s In Store for Robotics, 3-D Printing, BIM and LEED?.” Construction Executive. Washington, DC: Construction Executive. http://enewsletters.constructionexec.com/techtrends/2013/07/the-asia-pacific-market-whats-in-store-for-robotics-3-d-printing-bim-and-leed/(link is external)

Helton, Shawn. “Artificial Intelligence and Death By Drones: the Future of Warfare Will Be ‘Decided By Drones’ Not Humans.” Global Research. October 9, 2013. http://www.globalresearch.ca/artificial-intelligence-and-death-by-drones-the-future-of-warfare-will-be-decided-by-drones-not-humans/5353699(link is external)

Heyes, J.D. “What Will China Do With a Billion People When Robots Take Over Manufacturing?.” Natural News. October 5, 2013. http://www.naturalnews.com/042357_china_robotic_labor_manufacturing.html(link is external)

International Federation of Robotics. World Robotics 2013 industrial Robots. Frankfurt, Germany: International Federation of Robotics, [2013]. http://www.ifr.org/industrial-robots/statistics/(link is external)

Kuppusamy, Baradan. “Malaysia Weighs Minimum Wage Policy.” Asia Times. March 27, 2012. http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/NC27Ae02.html(link is external)

Manthorpe, Jonathan. “Factory Asia’ Begins to Lose its Low-Cost Advantage.” Vancouver Sun. May 5, 2013. http://www.vancouversun.com/business/Factory+Asia+begins+lose+cost+advantage/8341004/story.html(link is external)

Saito, Katsushi and Wenjie Ge. “Automating the Dragon: Rising Labour Costs Present Opportunities for the Foreign Companies That Will Help China Mechanize Its Factories.” The Wall Street Journal. June 2, 2010 http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052748703315404575249823662076624(link is external)

Simonite, Tom. “Will Robots Create New Jobs When They Take Over Existing Ones?” MIT Technology Review. April 16, 2013. http://www.technologyreview.com/view/513761/will-robots-create-new-jobs-when-they-take-over-existing-ones/(link is external)

Tian, Wei. “Robots Help Counter Soaring Labor Costs.” China Daily. November 14, 2013. http://www.chinadailyasia.com/news/2013-11/14/content_15098855.html(link is external)

E-Commerce speeding up Asian consumption

Alibaba online website. What is Alibaba.com’s Escrow Service? Nd. http://www.alibaba.com/escrow/buyer.html(link is external)

Berkeley, Jon. “The Alibaba Phenomenon: China’s E-commerce Giant Could Generate Enormous Wealth – Provided the Country’s Rulers Leave It Alone.” The Economist. March 23, 2013. http://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21573981-chinas-e-commerce-giant-could-generate-enormous-wealthprovided-countrys-rulers-leave-it(link is external)

Bui, Minh. “Startup Scenes in Indonesia , Thailand and Vietnam: eCommerce, Travel & Payment Will Be Big!” Ecomeye. November 5, 2013. http://ecomeye.com/blog/2013/11/05/startup-scenes-indonesia-thailand-vietnam-ecommerce-payment-will-big/#(link is external)

CBC News. Amazon PrimeAir Drone Deliveries Coming Soon, CEO Jeff Bezos Says. December 2, 2013. http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/amazon-primeair-drone-deliveries-coming-soon-ceo-jeff-bezos-says-1.2447483(link is external)

Cole, Michael. “Jack Ma Takes in $5.75 Bil – And Takes on China’s Real Estate Barons.” Mingtiandi. November 18, 2013. http://www.mingtiandi.com/real-estate/cre-news/china-retail-real-estate-news/why-jack-ma-shrugged-off-rmb-35-billion-to-fight-chinas-real-estate-barons/(link is external)

Do, Anh-Minh. “CEO of Vietnam’s Biggest E-commerce Site Reveals His Secrets to Success (Interview).” Techinasia.November 7, 2013. http://www.techinasia.com/indepth-interview-ceo-vietnams-biggest-ecommerce-site-vat-gia/(link is external)

Dobbs, Richard et al. China’s E-tail Revolution. Boston: McKinsley Global Institute, March 2013. http://www.mckinsey.com/insights/asia-pacific/china_e-tailing(link is external)

Gerety, Rowan Moore. “The Secret to E-commerce in Countries With Few Credit Cards: Cash On Delivery.” Quartz. July 23, 2013. http://qz.com/107346/the-secret-to-e-commerce-in-countries-with-few-credit-cards-cash-on-delivery/#107346/ the-secret-to-e-commerce-in-countries-with-few-credit-cards-cash-on-delivery/(link is external)

Horwitz, Josh. “Alibaba Doubles Down on NFC Payments as Alipay Partners With Major Chinese Retailer.” Techinasia. November 18, 2013. http://www.techinasia.com/alibaba-doubles-nfc-payments-alipay-partners-major-chinese-retailer/(link is external)

Kulkarni, Aditya. “Indian e-Commerce: What does the future look like?” Your Story. January 15, 2013 http://yourstory.com/2013/01/indian-e-commerce-what-does-the-future-look-like/(link is external)

Tan, Gwendolyn Regina. Rise of E-commerce in Asia. February 2013. http://www.slideshare.net/Gwendolyn1/rise-of-ecommerce-in-asia-15675831(link is external)

Vanderklippe, Nathan. “China’s online markets give economic refuge to the poor and nonconformists” The Globe and Mail. November 30 2013. http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/chinas-online-markets-give-economic-refuge-to-the-poor-and-nonconformists/article15700830/(link is external)

Vanderklippe, Nathan. “E-commerce Explosion: China clicks Its Way to a New Economy.” The Globe and Mail. November 29, 2013. http://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/international-business/in-china-online-retail-is-about-to-get-a-whole-lot-bigger/article15688956/(link is external)

Artificial intelligence (AI) and data analytics might manage billions

Basu, Medhal. “Indian Farmers Receive Expert Advice Via Mobile.” Asia Pacific futuregov. August 26, 2013. http://www.futuregov.asia/articles/2013/aug/26/indian-farmers-receive-expert-advice-mobile/(link is external)

Rangarao, Deepak. What is Big Data Analytics? Armonk, NY: IBM, February 2012. http://www-01.ibm.com/software/data/infosphere/hadoop/what-is-big-data-analytics.html(link is external)

Saadi, Shakar. “Uzbekistan To Transition To E-government.” Central Asia Online. March 27, 2013. http://centralasiaonline.com/en_GB/articles/caii/features/main/2013/03/27/feature-01(link is external)

Thayer, Tryggvi. “Singapore Moving Toward Future with Artificial Intelligence in Schools.” Education4site. December 1, 2012. http://www.education4site.org/blog/2012/singapore-moving-toward-future-with-artificial-intelligence-in-schools/(link is external)

University of Toronto. Computer Science. Artificial Intelligence.

Three-dimentional printing’s effects on value chains

Chan, Marcus. “What 3-D Printing Could Mean for the World’s Factory – China”. Bloomberg Technology. September 2013. http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-09-26/what-3-d-printing-could-mean-for-the-world-s-factory-china.html(link is external)

D’Aveni, Richard A. “3-D Printing Will Change the World.” Harvard Business Review. March 2013. http://hbr.org/2013/03/3-d-printing-will-change-the-world/ar/pr(link is external)

The Economist Magazine. “The third industrial revolution. The digitisation of manufacturing will transform the way goods are made—and change the politics of jobs too.” The Economist. April 2012. http://www.economist.com/node/21553017(link is external)

Energy and Environment Systems

Energy starts to become more of a technology race

Bloomberg New Energy Finance. “Solar to add more megawatts than wind in 2013, for first time.” September 26, 2013 http://about.bnef.com/press-releases/solar-to-add-more-megawatts-than-wind-in-2013-for-first-time/(link is external)

Bloomberg New Energy Finance. “China’s power sector heads towards a cleaner future.” Bloomberg New Energy Finance. August 27, 2013. http://about.bnef.com/press-releases/chinas-power-sector-heads-towards-a-cleaner-future/(link is external)

BP Energy Outlook 2030. January 2013. http://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/pdf/statistical-review/BP_World_Energy_Outlook_booklet_2013.pdf(link is external)

Evans-Pritchard, Ambrose. “China blazes trail for ‘clean’ nuclear power from thorium.” The Telegraph. January 6, 2013. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/comment/ambroseevans_pritchard/9784044/China-blazes-trail-for-cleannuclear- power-from-thorium.html(link is external)

“India to build more thorium nuclear reactors.” AsianPower. July 3, 2012. http://asian-power.com/power-utility/in-focus/india-build-more-thorium-nuclear-reactors(link is external)

“One million Fuel Cell vehicles expected on the road by 2020.” Scottish Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Association. http://www.shfca.org.uk/news_article/234/(link is external)

“Sales of Fuel Cell Vehicles Will Surpass Two Million Annually by 2030, Forecasts Navigant Research.” Daily Finance. May 28, 2013. http://www.dailyfinance.com/2013/05/28/sales-of-fuel-cell-vehicles-will-surpass-two-milli/(link is external)

“Toyota: Cost to develop fuel cell cars falls.” Automotive News. May 6, 2013. http://www.autonews.com/article/20130506/OEM06/305069944/toyota:-cost-to-develop-fuel-cell-cars-falls(link is external)

US Department of Energy. “Revolution Now. The Future Arrives for Four Clean Technologies.” September 2013. http://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/09/f2/200130917-revolution-now.pdf(link is external)

Renewables Interactive Map (Country, Technology, and Sector-level targets, policies, investments, and capacity). Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century. http://map.ren21.net/(link is external)

Urbanization and scrap metal potential to change resource consumption

“Heavenly iron-ore prices bound for purgatory as China reforms.” The Sydney Morning Herald. July 20, 2013. http://www.smh.com.au/business/world-business/heavenly-ironore-prices-bound-for-purgatory-as-chinareforms- 20130730-2qvoz.html#ixzz2n2pSYFvE(link is external)

“Keep an eye on India and China, says Standard Bank.” MiningWeekly.com. December 2013. http://www.miningweekly.com/article/keep-an-eye-on-india-and-china-banking-firm-2013-12-20(link is external)

Minter, Adam. “How China Profits from our Junk.” The Atlantic. November 1, 2013. http://www.theatlantic.com/china/archive/2013/11/how-china-profits-from-our-junk/281044/(link is external)

Spiraling complexity of food security

“UN FAO 2013 State of Food and Agriculture.” Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Rome, 2013. http://www.fao.org/docrep/018/i3300e/i3300e00.htm(link is external)

“Food security and climate change. A report by the High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition of the Committee on World Food Security.” Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Rome, 2013. http://www.fao.org/docrep/018/me421e/me421e.pdf(link is external)

“Global Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops: 2012”. International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech applications (ISAAA). Website. 2012. http://www.isaaa.org/resources/publications/briefs/44/executivesummary/default.asp(link is external)

“India: New report finds India’s food security, water resources and health at risk from warming climate” World Bank. June 19, 2013. http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2013/06/19/india-new-report-finds-indias-food-security-water-resources-and-health-at-risk-from-warming-climate(link is external)

Dobbs, Richard et al. “Resource revolution: Tracking global commodity markets” McKinsey Global Institute. September 2013. http://www.mckinsey.com/Insights/Energy_Resources_Materials/Resource_revolution_Tracking_global_commodity_markets?cid=other-eml-alt-mgi-mck-oth-1309(link is external)

The Economist Print Edition. “China and the environment. The East is grey.” The Economist. August 8, 2013 http://www.economist.com/news/briefing/21583245-china-worlds-worst-polluter-largest-investor-green-energy-its-rise-will-have(link is external)

Thukral, Naveen. “Asia Grain ‘Mountains’ Swell as Governments Fret Over Food Security”. Reuters. October 2013. http://in.reuters.com/article/2013/10/02/us-asia-food-stocks-idINBRE99118H20131002(link is external)

Wade, Matt. “Deadliest form of food fight. An empty stomach is an angry one and food scarcity could stoke political instability around the globe.” Sydney Morning Herald. June 27, 2011 http://www.smh.com.au/world/deadliest-form-of-food-fight-20110626-1glvg.html(link is external)

Cascading water supply challenges

“3 in 4 Asia-Pacific Nations Facing Water Security Threat – Study.” Asian Development Bank. March 2013. http://www.adb.org/news/3-4-asia-pacific-nations-facing-water-security-threat-study(link is external)

“Asian Water Development Outlook 2013: Measuring water security in Asia and the Pacific.” Asian Development Bank. April 2013 http://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/pub/2013/asian-water-development-outlook-2013.pdf(link is external)

Anderson, Lisa “U.S. intelligence community gauges water risks over next 30 years.” Thomson Reuters Foundation. July 2012. http://www.trust.org/item/?map=us-intelligence-community-gauges-water-risks-over-next-30-years/(link is external)

Security Systems

Regional stability threatened by border disputes and rising nationalism

“Code of Conduct for South China Sea.” The Japan Times (Editorial). November 3, 2013. http://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2013/11/03/editorials/code-of-conduct-for-south-china-sea/(link is external)

Himmelman, Jeff and Gilbertson, Ashley. “A Game of Shark and Minnow” The New York Times. October27, 2013. http://www.nytimes.com/newsgraphics/2013/10/27/south-china-sea/(link is external)

Krishnan, Ananth. “India, China conclude talks; to strengthen border mechanism.” The Hindu. June 29, 2013. http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/world/india-china-conclude-talks-to-strengthen-bordermechanism/ article4862865.ece(link is external)

Sevastopulo, Demetri and Soble, Jonathan. “China-Japan relations take turn for worse” The Financial Times. October 28, 2013. http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/db42ec8e-3fab-11e3-8882-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2kIaARh5g(link is external)

“Spratly Islands.” Ethnographic Edge. http://www.ethnographicedge.com/event/spratly/(link is external)

The Fund for Peace. 2013. “Failed State Index.” http://ffp.statesindex.org/(link is external)

The rise of fundamentalism as a constraint to economic development

Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada. “Fragmentation and Resurgence of Islamic Terrorist Groups in Asia.” (forthcoming)

Avakian, Bob. “Why is Religious Fundamentalism Growing in Today’s World – And What is the Real Alternative?” October 14, 2007. http://www.revcom.us/a/104/avakian-religion-en.html(link is external)

Derischs, Claudia and Fleschenberg, Andrea. “Religious Fundamentalisms and Their Gendered Impacts in Asia.” Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung. Berlin 2010. http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/iez/07061.pdf(link is external)

Foreign Policy. “The 2013 Failed States Index – Interactive Map and Rankings.” November 25, 2013. http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/06/24/2013_failed_states_interactive_map(link is external)

“Four dead as Myanmar religious clashes bleed into KL. The Malaysian Insider. June 5, 2013 http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/four-dead-as-myanmar-religious-clashes-bleed-into-kl/(link is external)

“Growing Religious Fundamentalism a Threat to Women’s Rights in Southeast Asia.” Catalysts for Change.http://www.searchlightcatalysts.org/node/626(link is external)

“Impact on Religious Fundamentalism on Asia.” Shaping Tomorrow. October 31, 2013.

“Latest Myanmar violence blamed on religious and ethnic extremists.” The Himalayan. October 4, 2013. http://www.thehimalayantimes.com/fullNews.php?headline=Latest+Myanmar+violence+blamed+on+religious+and+ethnic+extremists&NewsID=392954(link is external)

“Minority Hindus attacked in Bangladesh.” NITI Central. November 21, 2013. http://www.niticentral.com/2013/11/21/minority-hindus-attacked-in-bangladesh-160191.html(link is external)

“No Peace: Why Conflict Persists in Thailand’s Deep South.” Time World. April 23, 2012. http://world.time.com/2012/04/23/thailand-insurgency/(link is external)(link is external)

“Religious harmony under attack in Indonesia.” The Nation. October 2, 2013 http://www.nationmultimedia.com/opinion/Religious-harmony-under-attack-in-Indonesia-30216068.html(link is external)

“Separatist clashes in Philippines could renew insurgency.” September 12, 2013. http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Security-Watch/terrorism-security/2013/0912/Separatist-clashes-in-Philippines-could-renew-insurgency(link is external)

“Sri-Lanka Besieged by religious conflict.” Gulf News. http://gulfnews.com/opinions/columnists/sri-lanka-besieged-by-religious-conflict-1.1250289(link is external)

Subramanya Dehejia, Rupa. “Economics Journal: Mumbai 2011 – What is the Cost of Terrorism?” The Wall Street Journal. July 14, 2013. http://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2011/07/14/economics-journal-mumbai-2011-what-is-the-cost-of-terrorism/(link is external)

“Unrest in the Maldives.” Current Intelligence. March 25, 2013. http://www.currentintelligence.net/analysis/2013/3/25/unrest-in-the-maldives.html(link is external)

Wahid, Zeenat Huda. “Middle Class Paradox and the Problem of National Identify in Bandladesh.” Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.

Cyber-security and the new cold war

Abbugao, Martin. “Hackers expose weak cyber defenses across Asia.” InterAksyon. November 9, 2013. http://www.interaksyon.com/article/74448/focus–hackers-expose-weak-cyber-defenses-across-asia(link is external)

“Cyber Threat from China, Russia and Iran on US Military and Civilian Networks Drive Cyber Warfare Spending.” Space War. March 9, 2012. http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/Cyber_Threat_from_China_Russia_and_Iran_on_US_Military_and_Civilian_Networks_Drive_Cyber_Warfare_Spending_999.html(link is external)

Elkus, Adam. “Rise of the Asian Cyber Armies”. USNI News. August 8, 2012. http://news.usni.org/2012/08/08/rise-asian-cyber-armies(link is external)

Ponnudurai, Parameswaran. “Governments Want Vietnam to Review New Internet Control Decree”. Radio Free Asia. August 26, 2013. http://www.rfa.org/english/news/vietnam/internet-08262013211044.html(link is external)

After Fukushima, Asia sticks to nuclear power plans

He, Zuoxiu. “Chinese nuclear disaster ‘highly probable’ by 2030.” Chinadialogue. March 19, 2013. https://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/5808-Chinese-nuclear-disaster-highly-probable-by-2-3-(link is external)

Ross, Kelvin. “Asia to lead nuclear boom with 103 new reactors by 2025.” Power Engineering International. September 17, 2013. http://www.powerengineeringint.com/articles/2013/09/asia-to-lead-nuclear-boom-with-103-new-reactor-by-2025.html(link is external)

“Russian nuclear ambition powers building at home and abroad.” Reuters. July 22, 2013. http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/07/22/russia-nuclear-rosatom-idUSL5N0F90YK20130722(link is external)

“Severe Nuclear Reactor Accidents Likely Every 10 to 20 Years, European Study Suggests.” ScienceDaily. May 22, 2012. http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/05/120522134942.htm(link is external)

Taberner, Peter. “Russia: in track to build 20% of world’s nuclear plants.” Nuclear Energy Insider. December 9, 2011. http://analysis.nuclearenergyinsider.com/new-build/russia-track-build-20-world%E2%80%99s-nuclear-plants(link is external)

Governance

Acting on corruption

Bolongaita, Emil P. “An exception to the rule? Why Indonesia’s Anti-Corruption Commission succeeds where others don’t – a comparison with the Philippines Ombudsman” U4, CHR Michelsen Institute, Issue 2010, No. 4. http://www.u4.no/publications/an-exception-to-the-rule-why-indonesia-s-anti-corruption-commission-succeeds-where-others-don-t-a-comparison-with-the-philippines-ombudsman/(link is external)

Butt, Simon. “A wolf in sheep’s clothing.” Inside Indonesia. April-June 2012. http://www.insideindonesia.org/feature-editions/a-wolf-in-sheeps-clothing(link is external)

McGloin, Brendan. “Indonesia’s anti-corruption agency: a model for other Asia-Pacific countries?” Risk Advisor. July 24, 2013.  http://news.riskadvisory.net/index.php/2013/07/indonesias-anti-corruption-agency-a-model-for-other-asia-pacific-countries/(link is external)

Willingness to experiment in digital governance and service delivery

Asian Development Bank.2013. Asian Development Outlook 2013 Update: Governance and Public Service Delivery, pp. 75

Crook, Clive. “India’s Biometric IDs Put Its Poorest on the Map.” Bloomberg. April 24, 2013. http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-04-23/india-s-biometric-ids-put-its-poorest-on-the-map.html(link is external)

Mistry, Jamshed J. and Jalal, Abu. 2012. “An Empirical Analysis of the Relationship between e-government and Corruption” The International Journal of Digital Accounting Research, Vol. 12, p. 145.

United Nations. “E-Government Survey 2012: E-Government for the People.” March 15, 2012. http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/publications/connecting-governments-to-citizens.html(link is external)

Unique identification Authority of India. http://uidai.gov.in/(link is external)

The rise of ‘para-diplomacy’: the implications of sub-national relationships on trade and diplomacy

Tavares, Rodrigo. “Foreign Policy Goes Local: How Globalization Made São Paulo into a Diplomatic Power.” Foreign Affairs, October 9, 2013. http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/140091/rodrigo-tavares/foreign-policy-goes-local(link is external)

The Climate Group. “The State of Baden-Wuerttemberg.” http://www.theclimategroup.org/who-we-are/our-members/the-state-of-baden-wuerttemberg(link is external)